INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN

 Software development using the object-oriented design (OOD) approach arranges a system around objects instead of logic or functions. An important concept in contemporary software engineering, it is used to the creation of flexible, reusable, and maintainable systems. Using objects that contain data and the behaviors connected to that data, the goal is to represent real-world entities and their interactions.

Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Design

        The basic principles of Object-Oriented Design are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. These ideas work together to establish technologies that are flexible, easy to maintain, and adaptable.

•         Encapsulation 

Encapsulation is the process of grouping data (attributes) and methods (functions) that work with the data into a single unit, or class. By limiting unauthorized access or change of an object's internal state, this method enhances data security and streamlines processes. It enables a clear separation between the internal operations of an item and its outward interface.

•     Inheritance

The process by which a class (child or subclass) can inherit properties and methods from another class (parent or superclass) is known as inheritance. considering that common functionality may be duplicated across several subclasses and placed in a parent class, inheritance encourages code            reuse.

• Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the ability to regard objects of various classes as belonging to the same   superclass. In software design, polymorphism improves extension and flexibility. It makes easy to introduce new features without changing already-written code. When integrating third-party libraries  adding new features to a system, this is quite helpful.

• Abstraction

Abstraction is the process of revealing only the essential functionality of an item while hiding the complex details involved in its implementation. It enables a developer to focus on an object's functionality rather than how it performs that functionality. Abstraction offers a clear, high-level interface for interacting with things and minimizes complexity by hiding unnecessary features. It encourages flexibility, which makes system upgrades and modifications easier.